The Context and Contents of Priscianus of Lydias Solutionum ad Chosroem :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Context and Contents of Priscianus of Lydias Solutionum ad ChosroemABSTRACT Priscianus of Lydias Solutionum ad Chosroem is a series of answers to questions asked at a philosophical debate held at the Sasanian beg c. 530 CE. Priscianus of Lydia was one of seven non-Christian philosophers from the Byzantine pudding stone who journeyed to the Sasanian Empire to take part in the debate. Long overlooked in the history of philosophy, Priscianus of Lydias text represents a branch of Neoplatonism that survived for centuries uninfluenced by the official Christianization of the Roman Empire. Priscianus of Lydia was one of the last remaining representatives of non-Christian Neoplatonism in Late Antiquity. Solutionum ad Chosroem provides a record of the world of Neoplatonism dead before it disappeared under a tide of officially Christian philosophy and theology. I discusses the context of Priscianus work and its relation to activities in the Byzantine Empire, such as Emperor Justinians su ppression of paganism and the closing of the Academy in Athens in 529 CE. I also discuss the peculiar(prenominal) contents of the Solutionum ad Chosroem, including questions on first principles, generation, natural history, and the relationship between the soul and the body.The Neoplatonic philosopher Priscianus of Lydia would have had an unremarkable career had he not been mentioned by the early Byzantine historian Agathias as one of seven Hellenic (non-Christian) philosophers who journeyed to the Sasanian court at Seleucia-Ctesiphon early in the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565).(1) These philosophers felt compelled to leave the Byzantine Empire because they did not share the view of God prevailing among the Romans and thought that the Persian state was far better.(2) Although the Hellenic philosophers decided to return to Byzantine territory aft(prenominal) a relatively brief sojourn at the Sasanian court, the philosophers did participate in at least one debate on philosophical questions attended by the shah himself and some higher ranking members of the Zoroastrian clergy. Priscianus of Lydias contribution to this debate, Solutionum ad Chosroem, has survived in an edition edited by Ingram Bywater in 1886 and now difficult of access.(3) Before considering the specific contents of Priscianus surviving work, an examination of the historical context in which the work was written is necessary.The Context of Priscianus of Lydias Solutionum ad ChosroemAgathias states that Priscianus and the other Hellenic philosophers travelled to the Sasanian Empire partially for religious reasons. Being pagans in an increasingly officially Christian empire had rendered their teaching positions more and more vulnerable.

Wind Energy and its Environmental Effects Essay -- Environment Power W

fart Energy and its Environmental EffectsWind energy can play a critical role in saving our artificial satellite from the negative effects of energy personneled by fossil fuels. Wind turbines work effectively at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. For instance, a single public utility scale wind turbine can prevent the emission of 5,000 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere a year by displacing the power generated by fossil fuels. Also, a single 750-kilowatt turbine can produce roughly 2 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually. Turbines of this nature atomic number 18 the ones now being used in power plants around the world (Wind Energy Weekly). One good example is California. Their wind power plants displace 4.5 one million million pounds of CO2 each year with the 3 billion kilowatt hours of energy they produce. To put it into an environmental perspective, that is as much CO2 as could be absorbed by a forest covering 1100 consecutive miles (Wind Energy Weekly). Altho ugh wind energy has little to no impact on the environment when it comes to air pollution or greenhouse gases, there are early(a) environmental concerns surrounding this form of energy production. Some of the concerns about wind energy include visual impacts, birds and other living resources, lightning and noise (Wind Energy Development).Wind turbines, by nature, must be sited in highly visible areas to give them enough space to produce the amount of energy desired. However, many of the sites for wind turbine farms are now located in areas that are ...

Photonics Lab Report :: Photonic Photons

Photonics LabIntroductionIn the world of communication, lasers can be very helpful in transporting a variety of information across the planet. In this experiment, we decided to advance our knowledge about lasers and perform more tedious activities with them. Instead of shooting lasers finished a gelatin substance and reading angles in which they reflect, we were going to step it up a bit. This time our final goal was to be able to verbally communicate through space using a laser. Photonics is described as science and technology based on and concerned with the flow of electrons. The Communication system that relies on the flow of photons is known as a Photonic Link. I plan to successfully be able to communicate over free space using a photonic link in the end of this experiment.Materials/MethodsIn this experiment, we needed the following materials A Laser (with all hook-ups) A signal generator 2 Amplifier circuits A photo-detector An Oscilloscope (with hook-up cables) A speaker Solde ring press for putting together circuits Transformer lying-in 1Construct one of the Amplifier circuits following directions and using the joining iron. assort battery and speaker to the circuit. Connect the amplifier circuit to the setting and signal generator. Connect the signal generator directly to the oscilloscope. Calculate the voltage amplitude from the amplifier from the minimum and maximum settings. Calculate the gain in decibels.Task 2Modulate the laser using the transformer. Turn on amplifier circuit. Point laser towards the photo resistor. Connect to the oscilloscope. Adjust the amplifier until you can hear the signal generator signal.Task 3Connect oscilloscope to amplifier. Modulate laser as before. Point laser towards photo detector. Perform measurements of voltage output for different frequencies. Takemeasurements at the highest frequency that will provide a measurable voltage. Report data in a graph. Calculate the bandwidth of the voltages that were measured.Task 4Construct the second amplifier circuit. Connect a microphone to the amplifier instead of a photo detector. Connect the transformer to the amplifier. Connect voltage supply to the laser. Adjust the amplifiers until you can successfully project your voice through space using the laser and it can come out the speaker on the other circuit.ResultsIn the first task we were able to successfully solder together the circuit and it was able to amplify the signal from the generator, as it should. In the second task, we were able to modulate the laser. In the third task we were able to elaborate the bandwidth and we received the following information Voltage Vs.

U.S. Marshall Matt Dillon as the Ideal American :: American Culture Essays

U.S. Marsh exclusively Matt Dillon as the Ideal AmericanThe old-west lawman is an American hero and represents the ideals of American society. He is nowadays thought of when one contemplates strength of character and other fine qualities. As an irreplaceable part of American tradition, his characteristics are looked upon as a model to all other Americans. Much of what is known about the old-west lawman comes from stories of fiction one of these being the radio program Gunsmoke. Matt Dillon, a U.S. Marshall, plays the lead role in this favorite American radio series. In each episode he beats the odds as he protects his home of Dodge City. Demonstrating the qualities of the old-west lawman, Matt Dillon, of Gunsmoke, is trusting, respectful, and courageous. flat with all that is bad in the world, Dillon is still quick to trust. Unlike so many others, who automatically believe the worst about people, Dillon easily trusts a persons word. In the episode Potato Road Dillon gives Budge the benefit of the doubt even though he seems a little fishy. In the episode Robber Bride Groom, Dillon allows sea dog and Laura, both of whom he had arrested, to leave town, because he trusted that they would do what is right. To support Dillons judgment, the listener is given no reason to consider that Jack and Laura wont stand up up to Dillons expectations. Even when others arent willing to trust people, Dillon is there to defend. For example, in The Liar from Blackhawk Dillon justifies his trust in the gunman traveling through town by formula Hes a paid gunman, but Ive never known him to lie. In Dillons eyes everyone is innocent until proven guilty. This trust allows others to trust Dillon - if he has trust in you, why shouldnt you have trust in him. Respect if something you must first give before one can receive it, and U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon lives by this principle. In Potato Road when Dillons sidekick, Chester, helps him save themselves and the town, Dillon is quick to give credit to Chester. Dillon himself is humble as he thanks Chester for his quick thinking and hard work. It could be considered easygoing to respect people who have just saved your life, however it shows trust strength of character to be respectful when someone is insulting you. Dillon displays this strength in Robber Bride Groom when Mr. Reeves demeans Dillon and his position as U.

What makes a great movie :: essays research papers

Great movies do not always have to be something that at one time strikes a viewers interest. They can be based on a subject you have always disliked, or have not previously watched because the sheer filming and cinematography could become of great intrigue. Special effects, which play on peoples imagination, a noteworthy soundtrack, scenery, and camera angles, can sacrifice a movie spectacular. Movies that relate to real life events and touch the audiences hearts through strong emotional appeal also attention create good movie standards. The truth is what most enjoys seeing as sometimes it can be overwhelming, frightening, irrational, tender or idiotic and people cacoethes to watch a good parody. Films have to be understandable, provide insight into all characters personalities and roles, and quotable. They can be something that sparks laughter, helps us grow, terrifies, or solely entertains. We do not want to have our time wasted or feel that seeing this movie could have hurt us by impede us from another more important or enjoyable activity. Both of us enjoy movies with an exciting storyline or seriously cool opthalmic effects. A movie does nothing for the audience if the acting is amazing but the story is lost in the first five minutes. Good acting is some(prenominal) appreciated but with out a decent plot, it really has no true impact. Furthermore, movies will generate particular moods and feelings and certain films are more fascinate for, lets say, dates than for a guys night out. Altogether, we think originality and creativity are movie musts along with surprise, climax, and emotion. Ones that are different to the normal teeny bopper or fulfil packed Vin Diesel films are much appreciated. Audiences do not enjoy seeing repetition in movie themes and plots with the only significant difference beingness the cast.

What makes a great movie :: essays research papers

Great motion pictures do not always have to be something that immediately strikes a viewers interest. They can be based on a subject you have always disliked, or have not previously watched because the sheer filming and filming could become of great intrigue. Special effects, which play on peoples imagination, a noteworthy soundtrack, scenery, and camera angles, can make a movie spectacular. Movies that yoke to real life events and touch the audiences hearts through strong emotional appeal also help create sober movie standards. The truth is what most enjoys seeing as sometimes it can be overwhelming, frightening, irrational, tender or idiotic and people love to watch a good parody. Films have to be understandable, provide insight into all characters personalities and roles, and quotable. They can be something that sparks laughter, helps us grow, terrifies, or simply entertains. We do not necessity to have our time wasted or feel that seeing this movie could have hurt us by hin dering us from another more(prenominal) important or enjoyable activity. Both of us enjoy movies with an exciting storyline or seriously cool visual effects. A movie does secret code for the audience if the acting is amazing but the story is lost in the first five minutes. Good acting is much appreciated but with extinct a decent plot, it really has no true impact. Furthermore, movies will generate particular moods and feelings and certain films argon more appropriate for, lets say, dates than for a guys night out. Altogether, we think originality and creativity are movie musts along with surprise, climax, and emotion. Ones that are different to the normal teeny bopper or action packed Vin Diesel films are much appreciated. Audiences do not enjoy seeing repetition in movie themes and plots with the only significant difference being the cast.

Diversity in America Essay

In an ideal world, humanity would understand that all mankind is created equally that the underlying truth of each of us is goodness, and that through awareness, conscious choice and the willingness to create positive change, we could live in a world where diversity is celebrated. We would leave behind the substantial racist and oppressing patterns that exits in this world, specifically in the United States of the States.It is said that the U. S. is a melting pot of coatings, and that we are a country of immigrants existing together as a bracing culture, living under the values of a democracy based on freedom, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Yet this policy is completely disregarding the fact that as immigrants, we brutally endueted genocide to the Native Ameri lowlifes. The dominant race in the U. S. A. is made up of white Euro-centric people, and looking at the patterns that exist in this culture is important to examine the history, the centerings in which racism is alive and how and who is affected.We all essential look at how, as an individual and within a community, we can work towards positive change, healing and understanding. As a society, we have committed and perpetuated the oppression of different cultures specifically the Native Americans, the Native Africans and the many immigrants from different countries. In the early history of the U. S. government, it is clear that there was a systematic method that aimed to remove the Native Americans from the land that was desired by the colonists, with the malicious intention to commit genocide.The first slip of the patterns of racism that were established is seen in the fabrication of stereotypes onto the Native Americans. It was said that the Natives were barbarians and that they would rape and murder women and children and that they served the devil (Tataki, 1993, p. 41). The whites held the belief that the Natives were occupying land that the colonists felt empower to. White people also just ified the genocide by saying that Native Americans died from diseases they were biologically unable to resist (Kivel, 2002, p.126).It is a known fact that variola major virus were given to the Natives as a way to kill them. Multiple examples exist throughout the history of the whites murdering, raping and unjustly exploiting almost every aspect of the Natives culture. After committing such horrendous violations we are left with the inability to change all that has occurred and a great sadness that produces guilt, blame and anger that often stagnates a healing process and increases denial and avoidance. The Native American population has almost completely been destroyed.At the time Columbus arrived in the West Indies there were most fifteen million indigenous people today the population of native Americans in the United States is around three million according to U. S. government nosecount figures (Kivel, 2002, p. 124) and the remaining Natives in America are mostly confined to re servations. This small fraction of designated land is no longer their original sacred land merely it is being raped for natural resources. White settlers not only committed genocide scarcely they also enslaved the Native Americans.This pattern of entitlement and abuse was continued with the sound capturing and enslavement of people of African decent with as much violence and oppression. The history of slavery in the United States that occurred through 1619 to 1865 began soon after the incline colonists first settled in Virginia and lasted until the passage of the thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Over the next twenty five years Virginia passed a series of laws that legalized slavery, producing a radically qualified and stigmatized class below that of all whites (Kivel, 2002, p.130).Although technically slavery was abolished in1865, a linage of abuse and inhumane treatment was installed and has been carried into this day and age providing a challenge to harmonize a nd comprehend the agone. In an attempt in understanding black oppression, there are aspects that demonstrate this injustice. They are institutional racism, racist knowledge and power dealing that are played out in our culture and in no way have anything to do biology. Individuals and societies have created and used race as a means to oppress and overpower other groups of people.Racial oppression is when a group of people dominates another for their own benefit disregarding justice and venerate through the use of violence and defining and discriminating racial differences. This dominant group receives various benefits although in the larger picture all sides loose for the good continuation of a pattern of pain and injustice is insured through these actions. African-Americans are a case of this racial oppression. They were turned into slaves because of the color of their skin.It is shocking that it did not fount this way and that through the power of the U. S.government slavery la ws were passed that enabled the white masters to turn the blacks into slaves. This is an example of the institutional racism used to enslave the blacks. Because of this occurrence, we, as a society, must break down the residual stereotypes that have instilled fear, pain and disconnection between the races, and to change the model that exists even at this point in time. Another example of racism in the U. S. is seen in the treatment of immigrants. This subject is personal, for on my fathers side of my family I am part of the first generation innate(p) in American.My fathers parents immigrated to the U. S. , to escape the holocaust and I am sure shared the dreams of the majority of different immigrants who traveled to the land of opportunity, escaping places of war and sparing devastation to begin and pursue a new and better life. Through the duration of attending a class studying the diversity in America I have gained painful yet poignant knowledge of the racism that is still perpet rated upon immigrants, specifically on Jewish people. I have recently knowledgeable that groups of neo-Nazis congregate and commit acts of violence against Jewish people and immigrating races.This is terrifying to me and feels unacceptable while we live under a constitution that allows personal expression but does not permit such distinct racist and violent behavior. I am grateful and saddened that because I was raised in a protected and privilege community I have rarely experienced oppression and hateful discrimination when it so readily exists in our culture. In the past few months I find myself cycling through heartbreak, anger and disbelief of the injustice that has and still occurs, and then to a yearning for healing and equality for all.I remain in a space of wonderment, questioning the fact that although laws have been installed to prevent the acts of racism, fear, ignorance and violence is bubbling hot under the surface of our society, and we are a long way from a complete shift in humanity that I crave. I do believe there is hope. I believe that in gaining the truth of the past and diminishing ignorance of the harm that was and still is being done we open a door that may aid in the battles that are still being fought.Although the barbarity of racism is alive, the potential to fight for the rights of all the people who live upon this American soil is possible, but the truth of the history and the attainment of awareness must be brought to fruition. Reference List Kivel, Paul, (2002). Uprooting racism How White People Can Work For Racial Justice. Gabriola Island, BC VOR 1X0, Canada New Society Publishers. Takaki, Ronald, (1993). A Different Mirror A History of Multicultural America. New York, NY Time Warner Book Group.

Demonstrative Communication Essay

Communication is an exchange of information, verbal pr written message and is the process of sending and receiving message. () With communication there must be a sender and a recipient role for it to take place. In this paper I will provide examples how effective and ineffective gushing(prenominal) communication can be positive or negative on situations. Also I will explain how demonstrative communication involves listening and responding.Demonstrative communication is nonverbal and extempore communication thought facial expression or body language. Effective ways for a sender and receiver to communicate in a demonstrative way would be to send the right message. Sender would want to develop sure the receiver comprehends and understands the sender. For example Kinesics refers to the many behaviors of the body() these would include posture, gestures, and facial expressions. To make a positive gesture one could give the sender two thumbs up letting them be intimate they did a great job. Letting the sender know they understand the message. A negative gestures would be a frown or to raise an eyebrow. This would provide feedback to the sender letting them know you disagree. Effective communication is a two way street for the sender and receiver.Ineffective ways for sender and receiver to communicate would be if the sender was demanding or ordering the receiver for something, and persuading or lecturing them. For example, using words desire you must this may make the receiver think you are being demanding and they may resent you. Lecturing the receiver is another negative way to communicate with them. This may cause them to feel like they are wrong. Hepatic is a powerful form of communication. This would include liberal the sender a pat on the back letting them knows you understand and everything was great. A native communication result would be a slap in the face. This would lead to many problems.Demonstrative communication between the sender and receiver will be positive if the sender does not overload the receiver with to much(prenominal) information at one time. If the receiver provides active listening or reading, this will allow the receiver to engage in what the sender is trying to croak across to them. Demonstrative communication can also be negative if the receiver has a lack of eye contact or crossing of the arms. Things like this tell the sender one may not be interested in their message they are trying to get across.Provide feedback is a kick downstairs of responding and giving the sender insurances that you are listening and understood what was being said. With demonstrative communication for example, one can respond by providing feedback like, What Im tryout is This lets the sender know you are listening to the message.

It may be to do with rarity

Why do wear the best suit (dress) when going for an important meeting or interview? Why do we make sure that we do not use a cheap perfume when going on a day of the month? The aspect of self-indulgence is intertwined with the socially directed motives when it comes to prodigality. The concept of luxuriousness has been present in various forms since the beginning of civilization. Its role was Just as important in ancient western and eastern empires as it is in modern societies. With the clear differences between social classes in earlier civilizations, the consumption of high life was limited to the lightheaded classes.It also meant the definition of luxury was fairly clear. Whatever the poor rotternot have and the elite can was identified as luxury. The meaning of luxury and the sorts of customers that buy luxury have continually been evolving, but never as dramatically as in the past 20 years. With more(prenominal) potential customers , the luxury sector is today healthier than ever increasing at around three times the rate of worldwide wealth. The luxury goods industry is unique in that it is an industry that relies purely on marketing and promotion to sell products to a specified group of people.It is also an uxury goods industry is very fascinating and the products themselves signify prestige and spot. Although a deal few are commensurate to afford luxury goods, the vast majority of people who are exposed to advertisements for certain products generally have aspirations of being able to own these products someday. The theme of this course paper is really topical nowadays, because each luxury brand takes care about its image, performance, and service in order to reap more and more customers and to gain customers loyalty.The success of each company depends mostly on clients, so to develop the business successfully each company has o care a lot about marketing aspects and to use various marketing methods of attracting new customers. The purpose of this course paper is to explore which methods of winning customers management are more effective. Accordingly, the main objective is to study the major methods of attracting clients on the examples of the leading luxury fashion companies and to analyze their sales volume. The course paper is separate into two parts.The first part is called Fashion industry and the place of marketing in it and it tells about what is called luxury in general, about the global market of luxury goods and methods of attracting more and more ustomers. The second part of the course paper is called The analysis of marketing methods of major luxury fashion brands, where the analysis of the major luxury brands has been make Burberry group, Gucci group and LVMH, including the statistics, the methods of customer attraction, some key steps to success of each. . Fashion industry and the place of marketing in it 1. 1 . Getting to know luxury Although the term luxury products is broadly defined and therefore basically comprehensible, it still needs to be operationalized because it is not yet clear which products are actually more than necessary and ordinary compared to the other roducts of their category. The broad definition of luxury products can be modified and further specified by an operational definition.For this purpose, adequate indicators for a term need to be determined. According to the dimensional analysis, it was decided to operationalize luxury products by their characteristics. The operationalization relies on a literature analysis and an empirical study. The results suggest that consumers see that luxury products have six major characteristics including price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness and symbolism.In that ay, the operationalization helps to decide for most products if they are part of what is meant by the term luxury product. The definition of luxury products can be summarized as Luxury products have more than necessary and ordinary characteristi cs compared to other products of their category, which include their relatively high level of price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness, and competences of creativity, exclusivity, craftsmanship, precision, high quality, innovation and exchange premium pricing.These product attributes give the consumers the satisfaction of not only owning expensive items but the extra-added psychological enefits like esteem, prestige and a sense of a high status that reminds them and others that they belong to an exclusive group of only a select few, who can afford these pricey items. The luxury sector targets its products and services at consumers on the top-end of the wealth spectrum. These self-selected elite is more or less price insensitive and choose to spend their time and money on objects that are plainly opulence kinda than necessities.For these reasons, luxury and prestige brands have for centuries commanded an unwavering and often illogical customer loyalty. Luxury as never b een something easy to define, yet this mystery concept is something exceedingly desired by one and all alike. Delving deeper into this mystery and aura of luxury goods by way of comparing them against regular goods as well as spotlight the characteristics of the luxury industry. Luxury products and brands can be distinguished from the premium segment by their constitutive characteristics.The major characteristics can be considered as dimensions ranging from a nominal level that is also necessary for non-luxury brands to a maximum level that corresponds to the highest form of luxury. As demonstrated in the table below, premium brands rate higher on these dimensions than medium-level brands, but still well below luxury brands. While premium brands still remain down-to-earth and cannot lose sight of the value-for-money ratio, luxury brands are compass exceedingly reasonable levels in the major luxury dimensions, and some of them even work on topping the current top-of-top luxury le vel.

Dust Mite Resurch Paper

Dust Mite I am the common North American Dust Mite. I live al just about(prenominal) in every house in the world. more or less people do not even know that I am living all over at that place home because I cannot be seen with the naked eye. I love to live in houses that consume lots of dust because I thrive in these kinds of conditions. I mostly eat doomed skin flakes that diminish from humans liven in the house. I am generally two hundred and fifty to triad hundred microns in length. That is real small that no one can see me without using a strong microscope.I build eight comate legs that I use to travel in the house to find dead skin flakes to eat. When I eat dead skin flakes I generally ease up waste droppings which have a protein that many people be allergic to. When people go to doctors whey they are sick and the doctor tells them that they are allergic to dust. The doctors just foundert want to tell the patients that they are allergic to my droppings. I mostly spen d my time inside a mattress because that is where most of the dead skin flakes are.They are mostly there because people spend a lot of time lying on the mattress sleeping where they just fall off. The scientists have decided to give me my own scientific name. My own scientific name is Dermatophagoides farinae. When I start my day the jump thing I do is go around the house to try to find dead skin flakes lying around the carpet or inside the mattress. Most people dont know that they are sleeping on top of millions of little tiny dust mites. When the female lays eggs, the little baby dust mites are first a larva.Once they have grown up more then they look like regular mites with there strong shells. After that I have found the skin flakes I start to eat them. Hundreds of my friends come with me to find and eat skin because we are all hungry to eat. We dust mites never go away alone we always go to find the dust and skin flakes in big groups because it is always to go in groups becau se we feel safer when we are in groups. Most people dont know that a used mattress contains an estimated one hundred thousand to ten million dust mites inside.One thing that most people find that is real nasty is that ten percent of the weight of a two year old pillow is accumulated by dead dust mites and their droppings. We dust mites are every where we can find dust which are full of dead skin flakes. Many people are revolt after they learn how many dust mites are inside your bed or in your house in general. We dust mites have a really busy life. We dust mites look pretty gruesome. A dust mite has eight hairy legs, no antennae, a mouth part group in front of the body and a rough translucent shell.If you put all those characteristics together you got a fearsome appearance. We might be microscopic but we have many characteristics. If we were bigger many people would be terrified of how gruesome we look. People are not scared of us dust mites because we cannot be seen by them. pic N orth American House Dust Mite Scientific name Dermatophagoides farinae Between 250 to 300 microns in length In a used mattress mingled with 100,000 to 10,000,000 mites Works cited http//www. ehso. com/ehshome/dustmites. php http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/House_dust_mite

Modern Management Chapter Essay

Influencing is referred to as motivating, leading, directing, or actuating. d. Controlling is the management function through which managers i. Gather information that measures recent performance at bottom the organization ii. equalise present performance to pre-established performance standards. iii. From this comparison, determine whether the organization should be modified to meet pre-established standards. These functions atomic number 18 interrelated because the performance of one depends on the performance of the others.For example, organizing is found on well thought out plans developed during the planning process, and influencing systems must be tailored to reflect both these plans and the organizational design used to action them. The fourth function, unconditional, involves possible modification to existing plans, organizational structure, or the motivation system used to develop a to a greater extent successful effort. 2. How can controlling help a manger to become m ore efficient? e. Managerial efficiency is the proportion of total organizational resources that contribute to productivity during the manufacturing process.The higher this proportion, the more efficient the manager. So if the manager is controlling properly like gathering information, comparing and contrasting pre-established standards and uses resources correctly then they are being efficient. 3. What is the value in having managers at the career exploration stage within an organization? Why? The decline stage? Why? f. The value of having mangers at the career exploration sharp is because individuals at this stage is about 15 to 25 years old and are involved in some type of formal training, such as college or vocational education who may have fresh ideas to the organization.Whereas the decline stage is where individuals of about 65 years or older is either cheeseparing to retirement, semiretired, or fully retired. So these type of individuals may find it difficult to maintain pr ior performance levels, perhaps because they have lost interest in their careers or have failed to keep their job skills up to date. 4. Discuss your personal philosophy for promoting the careers of women managers within an organization. Why do you hold this philosophy? Explain any challenges that you foresee in implementing this philosophy within a modern organization, how will you overcome these challenges? . I dont believe there should be women managers, because women are too emotional. Possibly getting sued for discrimination. I would get a well-paid attorney to overcome these challenges. 5. List and define five skills that you think youll need as chief executive officer of a company. Why will these skills be important to possess? h. (1) Technical skills involves the ability to apply specialized knowledge and expertise to work-related techniques and procedures. i. (2) Human skills build cooperation within the team being led.They involve working with attitudes and communication, individual and group interests. j. (3) Conceptual skills involves the ability to see the organization as a whole. k. (4) Defining organizational roles the job and responsibilities everyone has within the organization l. (5) Encouraging innovative thinking motivating/encouraging those who have the best interests of the organization. These skills will provide to be important to possess in a CEO because there should be a balance of skills to make an organization efficient and effective.

Is Fame Good Or Bad?

Most people think that being famous is heaven, exactly its more like hell. What do you think? Phenomenom of fame is widespread around the world. Being famous today is not the resembling as it was 50-100 years ago. Andy Warhol once give tongue to In the future everyone go away have their 15 minutes of fame. Well, in my opinion, that time has come. People from all around the world are trying to cleave their way out in that respect on the stage. It has become easy to acquire fame, but difficult to keep it. People get famous for doing nothing and the ones who destiny to become famous dont have many obstacles on their way.They end just apply on a reality show and soon their names will be on the tops of the most searched lists on Google and Yahoo, and not to mention the yellow press. Little girls and boys from all around the world are, when asked what do they want to be when they grow up, usually answering that they want to be famous. Fame has lost its value. Celebrities with or w ithout justified reasons to be famous are followed by a bunch of paparazzi separately day. They are getting interviewed and photographed for worthless magazines intended for masses.Their private lives become a matter of abstraction and are endangered. As for those whose fame is a result of hard educate, talent, soaring IQ or great achievements, their fame is well-earned. Such are, for example, great writers, mathematicians and artists. They are usually the ones who are, no matter how good they are at what they do, less famous than the ones who be it less. That is good because they dont need to sacrifice their private lives, they have their freedom of expression + they make a lot of money. As for me, Im not a fan of fame and I think its lame.People are sometimes desperate, dont receive enough of attention in their private lives and they search for a way out by becoming an objective lens of admiration in other peoples conduct by being famous. On the other hand, there are people whose fame is a result of their great work and they have to take that difficult burden of fame on their backs. Either way, I wouldnt like to be famous. Sometimes I dont like being alone, but there are people whose solitude is not even a matter of choice and represents an impossible mission. Threathing my private life, I do the same thing to my familys and friends life and that I cannot cope with.I dont need other peoples admiration to accept myself the way I am. Money, fame, fortune, and everything that goes with it- yes, sure it can be helpful, but having everything is sometimes just the same as having nothing, because it usually means not wanting anything. Any by not wanting anything, we dont have real goals in our life or anything that can bring us joy. Thats why I prefer solitude over fame and fortune. Its hard enough to prove to myself everyday, proving myself to whole world everyday would really be a hell.

Hello My fellow classmates Essay

1.You have a friend who is of Jewish heritage however, she has no religious belief. She asks you why, if God is good, He permitted the Holocaust to happen. What would you promulgate her?2.You want to convince your professor that the reading load he has assigned is too heavy, given that you also have to write a research paper. You argon asking him to eliminate one book from the class assignments so that you can concentrate on your own research.3.You are writing an article for a theological journal arguing that heaven and hell must be understood as literal, physical places (as opposed to metaphorical or symbolic states of mind).4.You want to prick exercising for 30 minutes per day, but your spouse doesnt want to. How would you kindly convince your spouse to join you?5.You are reviewing a book disseminated sclerosis for a university press. Although the book is skillfully and stylishly written, you think it may obscure or leave out some important facts that need to be microscope stag eed out. How would you point this out (without suggesting the book is bad and shouldnt be accepted)?

Poetry Analysis: Joseph Von Eichendorff

Desires Joseph von Eichendorff is seen as one of the most famed poets of the German romanticism. Eichendorff composed many verses about his desires, the romantic world of joy, the simple intimacy, and the experience of nature as a way to God to create a mental antithesis to his violent affected military life. In this manner, his song Moonlight Night, written in 1837, reflects his desires and his closeness to nature and to God. The speaker unit of the numbers describes his feelings and impressions of a moonlit wickedness presenting nature and its beauty in a very detailed way with the do of illustrative language.Related article How to be Old by May Swenson AnalysisThe poem consists of three four- railroad stanzas. The stanzas are written in an alternating end rhyme scheme and it is striking that the offset printing and the third stanza both(prenominal) contain an imperfect rhyme. In addition, thither are enjambed line-breaks between the respective first and second line of the first and third stanza. Due to the similarity of the social structure of these stanzas, the second stanza seemed to be framed and the poem appears as a circle. The rhythmic meter is iambic with alternate female and masculine cadences. Each stanza features one sentence.Also, the poem radiates deep peace and harmony it seems relaxing to the reader which is reinforced by repeating of the adjectives quiet and downy. The headline Moonlight Night and the first stanza give the frame of the story It was like Heavens glimmer/ had quietly caressed the Earths skin /that in Her blossoms shimmer/ She had to dream of Him, it is night and the speaker seems to dream. The paradise is used as a metaphor which symbolizes God and the earth is an image for the mortal. The heaven and earth being personified interact with each other in the form of a kiss.The interaction of the kiss stands for the fare that god gives. The blossoms shimmer is understood as the godly shine which loafer be interprete d as warmth and love which god spreads over the earth. The word quietly makes the molybdenum of the heaven touching the earth intimate and creates a calm ambiance. In the second stanza, the speaker focuses on the nature The outing was gently walking/ through pale yellow field near and far/ the forest were softly talking/ so bright shone evry star. The speaker personifies the breeze which is walking through the wheat fields.The breeze being sent from heaven thus from god is touching the woods and wheat fields gently and softly which again creates a harmonic atmosphere and the touch shows the connection of god and mortals. The breeze goes near and far which again shows Gods endless love for the earth. Translating word to word from the original, German version, the second line would say ears of the corn swayed gently which also puts the description of the nature in place setting to the first stanza ears of corn are a Christian symbol for the Eucharist.The nature is used as a symbol for the religious feelings of the speaker. The speaker appears the first time as a first-person narrative in the put up stanza And thus my instinct extended/ its wings through skies to roam/ Oer quiet lands suspended, my soul was flight home. Importantly, that the speaker uses the adjective quiet again to underline the calm and intimate atmosphere of the setting. The speaker gives a comparison saying that his soul is opening its wings like a bird that gets stimulate to take off.The speaker dresses his soul with wings which shows the deep emotion that the speaker perceives through the nature. Caught in the intelligence of the heavenly-touched, harmonic, and beautiful nature the speaker lets go all earthly bonds for his soul to be free the here and now is not enough for the speaker which is a typical topic of the late romanticist movement. Furthermore, the first stanza stated that the heaven (god) is moving down to touch the earth and the last stanza is saying that the s oul is flying up home.The heaven can be interpreted as the home of the soul, which is the Christian paradise. The harmonic atmosphere which was carefully built up during the whole poem is hurt by the last two lines which take the death of the speaker and therefore puts the mortal speaker in contrast to immortal beauty of the nature. The poem Moonlight Night gives a typical example of the romanticism showing the speakers love of nature and his religiousness.The religiousness is not only seen in the words but also in the structure of the poem the get along three. There are three stanzas and three is also the cross sum of the number twelve (the poem consists of 12 lines). The number three represents the Trinity which is the matrix of the Christian faith. Eichendorff created a poem which is especially despite its brevity very deep and impressive, showing the infinity of the beauty and the desire to be close to god.

However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change

The war was now lost,1 a quote from full ecumenical Ludendorffs evidence to a post war assembly. It was 1918 and Germany had been defeated. Kaiser Wilhelm had f take to Holland on the advice of General Ludendorff, who had also urged an armistice.To preserve the reputation of the army forces of Germany, Ludendorff wanted the conception of a civilian govern handst, in the hope that a civilian government could take the blame for Germanys defeat, a revolution from above, to chief(prenominal)tain the vision of a still, strong, military force. The coun discipline of Germany had to repair itself to survive.The old brass had to change, non that it could be classed as old. Germany was a relatively invigorated country, unified in 1871, but because of gro telephone extension hot unrest and economic discontent, the hierarchy of Germany had to be seen as making changes for the benefit of the population.The age of monarchy was dissolved and replaced by a bare-ass civilian government. The new establishment would be cognise as the Weimar Constitution. The new nature would embrace democracy, it would be an elected government, school principaled by a president, and elections were to be every seven years. The parliament was known as the Reichstag. All men and women over the age of twenty were entitled to vote.All Germans were deemed touch on under(a) the practice of law. In consequence of this, professional muckle such as doctors, lawyers and teachers did not want to be equal to proletarians or the lumper proletarians, professional, middle class pack believed they were better, why should the whole of society be apt(p) an information and opportunities.In addition, fond rights were given to the people, such as, free speech, a country free of censorship, education for all, religious freedom, and the entitlement to negotiate for better functional conditions as well as having protection from the state. Unfortunately, Germany was a conservative, traditional countr y, too much freedom all at once could be too much to deal with, progressive free liberties, introduced on a slower scale might have worked better.Fredrich Ebert was the leader of the social democratic party, who had the following of the majority of the people and in November 1918, was made the first chancellor of the new constitution.include within the constitution was article 48, this article gave permission for the president to dissolve the Reichstag, and act on his own, with the guardianship of, if necessary, military force. Consequently it could be argued about who was actually in charge of the constitution, was it the representative assembly or the elected head of state. The elected president had the right to interfere with legislation it seemed a contradiction of a democratic republic.This immediately throws into disarray the whole idea of a democracy, as well as harmonise to a USPD deputy if few henchmen of the Hohenzollerns (the royal family), a general perhaps were to be at the head of the Reich,2 article 48 could be a powerlessness exploited by military men to use to their advantage as a military coup. Ebert need the army on side, particularly to fetch up uprisings by the left wing. Ebert was a socialist but not a communist, neither to his favour was General Groener, who Ebert forged a deal with to win his support, Ebert would keep the authority of any existing officers, thus, the army would press the new government so uprisings from the left were easily suppressed.This went against the constitution. The Left Wing unified with the extreme upright over this, because they saw it as a supression to prevent revolution from the middle classes. The KPD co-operated with the extreme Right in efforts to destroy the constitution.Furthermore, Ebert kept existing civil servants and members of the judiciary in their casts, keeping the people he needed to rely on in favourable positions. In addition to this, Ebert needed experienced people to try and ke ep the infa-structure of Germany on a stable footing.However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change. To keep things as they were was not a democracy, according to an anonymous exiled SPD member, the German working class should have taken over the old state, to leave things unchanged was a grave diachronic error and not a good start to a new democratic, republican state. Many of he German people refused to accept the new constitution as being legitimate these people were not used to as much freedom as was being promised. They were battered from the war and not arrive at for such a change. If the new constitution was going to be part of their lives, maybe initiating it alongside a monarchy would have been more successful in winning them over traditionalists and nationalists cannot be changed overnight.The first real threat for Weimar was The pact of Versailles in 1919Death rather than slavery,3 quoted the nationalist newspaper, Due tsche Zeitung. The whole of Germany rejected the treaty, but the constitution had no choice but to accept it,There is no alternative to accepting the armistice terms. It is however, already apparent that these conditions will not produce a just peace. The sacrifices on us are awe-inspiring they must lead to our peoples doom,3Germany was brought to its knees by reparations, loss of territory, war guilt and the limitations of a reduced military force, which country would survive, historian A.Nicholls,4 (1979) sums up the Treaty and the impact on the Weimar republic, Germanys economy was ruined by reparations and her security undermined. Much more serious was the governmental demoralisation which the agreement caused with in the Reich itself The real damage the treaty did to Germany was to disillusion the more moderate men who might an other(prenominal)wise have supported their new republicThe peace settlement continued to poison the political atmosphere in Germany for many year s.4The Treaty helped the radical right wing political partys gain support and challenge the new Weimar republican government. The main right wing parties rejected the republic and its principles and wanted to destroy the democratic constitution and go hold to a nationalist system, the signing of the Treaty only reinforced that the new government wasnt working for the people. The localise of the Right Wing was to abolish the constitution and instead have a conservative, authoritarian regime, unlike other conservative political parties in well-established democracies.It was in March 1920 that the first major problem from the Right occurred. A right wing coup named after its leader Kapp was initiated. It only failed due to a general strike. after marching on Berlin the governments troops refused to fire on the freikorps, the support for a democratic republic was not where the armys loyalties lay, after all it was only because of secret talks between Ebert and Groener, and the fact th at Groener was only protecting his position that the army only HAD to support the new Republic, through orders of their commander, they did not support the republic voluntarily.The judiciary dealt with the people involved with Kapp leniently, showing that the judiciary was not in favour of a democratic country, they were still in favour of the old nationalist Germany. The Right wing consisted of the military, financial elites, state beurocracy, the educational system and some of the press.However, the Kapp Putsch did demonstrate weaknesses in the New Constitution, democracy in Germany lost its dash, there was no political control over the military, the government could not enforce its authority even in its own roof the government could not put down a challenge to its own authority and only because of circumstances power was government authority re- established.It wasnt due to support of the constitution that people supported a general strike. It was due to the fact that peace was more important than political beliefs and who would want a revolution in their town.In addition to this the failure of Kapp being brought to justice led to a spate of assinations committed by the Right Wing against supporters of the Weimar Constitution. Over 350 political murders took place between 1919 and 1923. Again the perpetrators were dealt with leniently, showing support for the nationalists, and the weak decision of keeping the same people in their jobs, when the republic was created, these judges held over from the monarchy found it unachievable to transfer their allegiance to the new organisation of the stateThey created a private law and subverted (undermined) the public law of the Republic by refusing to administer justice in an equal manner to all people, 5Kurt Tucholsky, left wing satirist.Ebert was in an impossible situation, the Treaty was the major factor in undermining the democratic constitution, and money for the reparations had to be found, promises of a welfa re state and a new age for Germany and the rebuilding of great German country seemed impossible. It was no fun for those having to live under the crippling conditions imposed by the Treaty.In addition to this, Eberts new republican foundations were established in debt from the reign of the Kaiser and the war the country was already weak economically from the war. The only way to remedy a weak economy and pay off debts was through taxes and inflation. War cost, wish of dominance in the currency, reparations, trade deficit and the governments apparent solution to print more and more money, all led to an economic crisis.People on fixed incomes and the middle class lost out to hyperinflation. Whilst people with debts, mortgages, tradesmen, industrialists and res publica agents benefited through hyperinflation. In addition to this, levels of unemployment were kept down and new, international investments were encouraged.Despite the negative effects of hyperinflation, workers were econo mically better off due to increased levels of economic activity.Unfortunately, the Weimar Republic weakened with hyperinflation due to ill wellness suffered by the population this was the result of inflation-induced poverty, the new constitution was blamed for this, again injuring the constitution.The savings, hopes, plans and assumptions and aspirations of huge numbers of people were swept away in a whirlwind Even when the worst material impact was over, the psychological injure of the experience was to have longer lasting effects, confirming a deep-seated dislike of democracy6In June 1920, the Weimar Constitution lost its majority. A constitution that had been run by coalition governments, needed that majority, other parties were dissatisfied with the constitution, and because none of the other partys gained 50% of the vote, unstable coalition governments ruled Germany. Add to this bickering and lack of agreement on both domestic and foreign policies, co-operation became lax and there were too many minorities and no majorities.Elections were built around suffering and proportional representation. What could be seen, as a strength was actually a weakness.Because everybody was allowed to vote, including extremists from the left and the right. Which meant that with proportional voting, that the minor parties got seats in the Reichstag, thus, disrupting proceedings and make the leading party and the constitution look weak.In conclusion the Weimar Republic looked on paper like a sure, fire work stoppage but because of the introduction of democracy and no strong patriarchal leader problems were bound to arise. The Kaiser was much love and respected by a traditional and loyal Germany, the Germans were confused. They were being promised greatness and security but because of the Treaty and the in -fighting the German people never saw what was promised. They only saw problem after problem.Ebert was a great statesman but circumstances prevented the constitution being a success, and it does take time for new ideas to begin to work, if the Treaty had never been signed by the countries involved Germany would have been great, maybe the blame should be put upon the USA, Italy, France and Britain. The new constitution never stood a chance.

Religions wage peace Essay

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi used his influence as a revolutionary eldritch leader to bring astir(predicate) policy-making and social changement. Despite keeping no government office, he was a major participant in Indias struggle for independence. On the 2nd of October, 1869, Gandhi was born in the coastal town of Porbandar. His family belonged to the wealthy Vysya or merchant caste. His father Karamchand Gandhi was the prepargon minister of a princely state. At the season of thirteen he was married to Kasturbai, who was of his own age (Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869 1948) , 2001).His approach was that of a pacifist and he based his independence movement on non violent non cooperation or satyagraha, which means law and firmness. He started this movement in 1915 and was impris integrityd on several occasions by the British authorities. He exerted abundant influence on the Congress Party and the 1947 independence negotiations. In 1948 British India was partitioned into Indi a and Pakistan, which resulted in a great deal of religious violence. At that point of time he was assassinated.His preach served as an inspiration for non violent movements and was adopted by Martin Luther King Jr in the USA, who fought for the rights of the blacks and by Nelson Mandela in south Africa, who opposed apartheid (Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) , 2005). In the beginning, in 1893, Gandhi was practicing law in South Africa, when he started to fakeulate and practise the principles of satyagraha or non violent resistance to injustice. Till the year 1914, he led the movement started by the Indian fellowship of that place, which was opposing racial discrimination.In that year, the South African government bestowed a image of grand concessions in accordance to his de valetds. At that juncture he decided to return to India and in the month of January 1915 he particularize sail for India. In India he assumed the leadership of its exemption struggle from British rule (Gand hi, Mahatma (1869 1948) , 2005). His actions took the form of hunger strikes, the boycott of British goods and civil disobedience. At the same time he made in force(p) attempts to bring about social emend.Even after several rounds of talks and demonstrations, the British chose to ignore the demands of the freedom fighters of India, consequently, Gandhi initiated a non cooperation movement. This movement had a large number of supporters and many Indians holding official posts in the British Government resigned from their jobs, government agencies were spurned and Indian schoolchildren were removed from schools managed by the British Government. The British were compelled to release Gandhi whom they had gain vigored (Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) , 2005).Gandhi cherished to usher in Swaraj or self rule in India and economic independence was an essential fraction of this movement. British industry had adopted measures that had exploited the Indian villagers and had reduced them t o extreme poverty. In order to recurrence this situation, Gandhi advocated the adoption of cottage industries and employed the spinning wheel as a symbol of the movement to relate the indigenous Indian industries and lead the simple lifestyle of the villagers of India (Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) , 2005).He was disposed(p) total executive dictum by the Indian National Congress, which was the pioneer in Indias freedom struggle, in 1921. Due to the eruption of a number of violent and armed insurrections against the British, Gandhi stepped back from active politics from 1924 to 1930 (Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) , 2005). On the 26th of January, 1930, a proclamation regarding the Declaration of Independence of India was made by Gandhi. In order to catalyze the process of obtaining independence, Gandhi embarked on a novel civil disobedience campaign.In India the British exercised a monopoly on the production of table salt and deemed it a criminal offense for anyone else to produce it. Salt constituted an essential and invaluable commodity for the Indians, a large number of whom were poverty stricken agricultural laborers. Gandhi realized that salt was used by totally told sections of the society and that an attempt to manufacture salt would appeal to every strata of the Indian society (Graham, 1998). On the twelfth of March, 1930 Gandhi and seventy eight of his followers commenced the march from the Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi on the Arabian Sea.The distance cover by them was two hundred and forty one miles and it took them twenty four days to do so. on the way, they were joined by a tremendous number of people and at one stage the feeler was two miles in length. Finally on the 6th of April, 1930 Gandhi reached the sea coast at Dandi and picked up a sod and some salt and boiled it in seawater (Graham, 1998). This act of his shook the British Empire, on which the sun never set, to its very appointations.The man whom a disparaging Chur chill had described as a one-half naked fakir had single handedly defied the might of the British Empire. The British Empire swung into action and arrested Gandhi and his associates. The number who courted arrest was immense and all the jails were overflowing with freedom fighters. Such was the response of the Indians to Gandhis call to oppose the British monopoly on the production of salt (Dandi Salt March). According to Gandhi, there were two difficulties involved with human nature. one was the scope of making a human being perfect and the different related to nonviolent resistance. Gandhi always had an affirmatory view regarding men. However, a thorough examination of Gandhis political opinions reveals that he never assumed that man had a nature that could be rendered perfect. Further, he opined that reform could only transform a man to a certain extent, but it could never be made perfect. Gandhi proclaimed that it was incorrect to dogmatize in look on of the capacity of huma n nature to be either besmirched or exalted.This statement clearly elicits Gandhis views on man. He also opined that the environmental factors would significantly influence human behavior (Power, March, 1963). Due to idiosyncratic feelings and thoughts, these efforts sustain suffered a setback by the negative and irrational forces that reside in them. In particular fast forces uniform greed and lust could not be diverted by availing oneself of the help forthcoming from otherwise issues. He strongly believed that illogical forces motivated men and this belief was subscribed to by moralists.This is evidenced in situations where there arises a need to participate in a mass movement for realizing socio psychological cheers. nigh individuals have shown reluctance to join such movements in the absence of a competent leader. This situation arose in Gandhis political career and his opinion regarding this subject was that it was the task of the leader to draw the people towards the objectives. The other issue involves the reshaping of Gandhis opinion about the capability of man to engage in acts involving nonviolence.Gandhi had explained in great detail in his thesis that every man had the ability to evaluate the value of ahimsa, where the term ahimsa denotes get by or non injury. Gandhi interpreted ahimsa as individual and social love in thought and deed towards all human beings (Power, March, 1963). Gandhi was prone, on occasion, to restrict this concept of ahimsa as being restricted to himself and his closest followers. For instance, in 1942, the Japanese Army was poised to attack India at that point of time he permitted all those who did not subscribe to nonviolence to join the effort underway to defend the country.However, the question that remain unanswered is whether he granted such permission because Japanese rule would have been worse than the British rule (Power, March, 1963). The philosophical beliefs of Gandhi were founded on a number of scholar ly authorities and social experiences. He staunchly believed that last stage in a mans journey was the domineering truth, which was described by resorting to theism, pantheism or atheism. He believed that by the use of reason and also by taking the help of faith and intuition, an individual by relying on partial truths could attain the absolute truth.Moreover, Gandhi held that every person was unavoidable by dharma to search for this ultimate truth (Power, March, 1963). The method advocated by Gandhi to attain this goal was to follow the path of anasaktiyoga or path of selfless action, which entailed the military operation of ones duty without entertaining a desire for the results of such action. He considered involvement in Indian nationalism to signify selfless action. One of the qualifications to tread this path was the possession of physical, psychological and spiritual courage.He also stated that the man devoid of fear succeeds in realizing his latent prowess by comprehendin g and practicing ahimsa (Power, March, 1963). The most important characteristic of ahimsa is the attainment of the most advantageous, practical good while treading the path that leads to the absolute truth. The usefulness of such a conviction has to be Its merit is to be elucidated in the light of Gandhis firm belief that it is better to resort to violence than to adopt an attitude of submissiveness or to adopt cowardice in the garb of nonviolence.He also stated that violence to some extent was inherent in the process of living (Power, March, 1963). Gandhi based his interpretation of ahimsa on the Laws of Manu and the tenets of Jainism however, his views were closer to the beliefs of Jainism. His objective and expectation was that he would be successful in transforming every person in such a manner that they would adapt this type as an integral part of their life. This precept of ahimsa was one of the foremost requirements of Gandhi. However, he considered truthfulness to be more than more important than ahimsa.In this context he stated that truthfulness was far more important than being peaceful (Power, March, 1963). Despite the recurrent description of his pacifism as being absolute, the fact remains that he did not consider nonviolence to be his main goal. Moreover, when ahimsa is considered to be absolute pacifism, then a distortion of the beliefs that were subscribed to by Gandhi occurs (Power, March, 1963). Some other issues that had been addressed by Gandhi are to be found in his opinion of the optimal political system.In his writings, one sees the recurrence of the panchayati raj or the village democracy and a system to ensure the welfare of everyone, which he designated as sarvodaya. These ideas reveal the fact that he sought-after(a) to usher in a political system that was based on his opinions of truth and ahimsa. Moreover, he abhorred the disassociate of political and social responsibility from dharmic obligations or obligations required by th e basic principles of cosmic or individual existence (Power, March, 1963).Despite being committed to establishing a functionally and physically decentralized political community, he was not in favor of a society that was stateless. The concepts of Sarvodaya and Swaraj or self rule that is personal or corporate, constitute claims for impartiality, freedom and uprightness, and they do not constitute assaults on the government (Power, March, 1963). If he had been desirous of establishing a stateless system, then he would have had to entertain a more sanguine opinion about people than he did under normal circumstances.Moreover, he would have been compelled to eschew political power like he had rejected personal property. The varieties of Sarvodaya as comprehended by Vinoba Bhave, who advocated the redistribution of land and Jayaprakash Narayan, who was an ideologue, had perhaps aimed at a stateless society. However, this was not a component of Gandhis political ideologue (Power, March, 1963). Gandhi never struggled against power, and his disagreement was order against the legal structure of power and the influence of the bureaucracy on it.This was due to the fact that he considered these factors to be hindrances in allowing self realization among the people, prevented them from obtaining justice and precluded rule based on the universal dharma. The acceptance of these views regarding Gandhis beliefs, implies that Gandhis display of a lack of interest for public office, both during the freedom struggle and during the enrapture of power only shows that he did not believe in special forms of power and not that he disliked political power (Power, March, 1963).Gandhi was attached to political power and this is vindicated by his theory of satyagraha, which he construed to be soul force or direct action of a nonviolent nature, because this stratagem was a system of power, which was used by him in the expectation that he would be able to engender reform in institutions and effect the fulfillment of men. This method assumes that an opponent is redeemable and that it can be used for realizing a range of objectives as long as there is no violation of the principle of ahimsa.However, despite its bulge in his political beliefs, this theory was not a dominant principle of his ideology (Power, March, 1963). Amongst all the political thinkers of India, Gandhi was the most modern. He combined the best practices of the Orient and the Occident and theorise a political school of thought that obtained results bordering on the miraculous. The present day politics, which is steeped in corruption, could benefit enormously by implementing his political teachings. Gandhi has never ceased to be an integral part of the politics of India.Gandhi subscribed to a political philosophy that was founded on a number of tenets that had emerged from what was fundamentally his humanistic outlook towards life. He did not encounter any differences between spiritual and secula r matters. However, he subscribed to a few fundamental beliefs, which he adhered to with great firmness. In an article in his journal Harijan he stated that there existed certain eternal principles which could not be compromised on any account and that a person should uphold such principles even at the cost of ones life.Gandhi was as good as his word and there were some principles that he never deviated from passim his life. Moreover, he extended these principles in order to rekindle the flame of the nationalist spirit among his fellow Indians. Non cooperation and nonviolence have not lost their relevance even in modern times. Violent incidents, lack of interest in addressing major issues and in conducting a rational and meaningful dialogue by political parties are the characteristics of present day Indian politics.The only way to rectify this dismal situation is to adopt the principles that had been formulated by Gandhi. Gandhi gave great prominence to power, which he considered to be a means by which people could improve the quality of their life. His political actions were aimed at attaining power, which according to him was not to be concentrated in the hands of a few members of the elite, but was to be distributed among the public. Further, people had become firmly convinced that revolt was a licit manner of expressing ones dissatisfaction.In the final analysis Gandhi was mainly seized with elevating the consciousness of the masses and bestowing upon them the required authority to determine their destiny. This was a unique contribution to Indian politics.References Dandi Salt March. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 4, 2007, from Manas level and Politics http//www. sscnet. ucla. edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi. hypertext markup language Gandhi, Mahatma (1869 1948) . (2005). Retrieved July 4, 2007, from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas http//www.credoreference. com/entry/6428505 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869 1948) .(2001).Retrieved July 4, 2007, from World of Sociology, Gale http//www. credoreference. com/entry/4785371 Graham, S. (1998). The Salt March to Dandi. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from emory http//www. english. emory. edu/Bahri/Dandi. html Power, P. F. (March, 1963). Toward a Re-Evaluation of Gandhis Political Thought . The Western Political Quarterly , Vol. 16, No. 1, Pp. 99 108.

Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company

ledger entryStarbucks has served as a milestone in the coffee industry and is a massive plaque in terms of people employed and stores owned. At the current time it has revenue of $10.7 billion and owns 16,850 shops in 40 countries. Starbucks is clearly the worlds top coffee retailer, it employs 137,000 employees or partners as it wish wells to call them. Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, considers that the whirligig of success in Starbucks is not coffee but employees. He constantly builds upon the working experience of employees, providing chances of promotion, and treating workers as working partners is their management to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and sees honored ab bring out the value of Starbucks employees. umteen theorists believe that it is necessary to have a perfect education and training policy for better procedure in a company (Michelli, 2006). Despite serving in many countries, Starbucks has a similar organisational structure as a result, it does not take into account the cross cultural determinants. It has been criticized for its approach in any case because, employees of some countries like UK atomic number 18 not as satisfied as employees from Poland and Germany, thus Starbucks essential manufacture use of cross-cultural determinants in order to improve its management methords. One of the most proficient scheme, the Hofstede theory states that the motivational elements of every country are different and thus must be looked into before a company, such as Starbucks sets its motivational methods. Along with Hoftsede it talks virtually Management and Motivation in wing to the power grid/Group Theory by Douglas, which strives to classify different nicetys in relation to being hierarchist, individual, democratic and fatalist. It also talks about the ethnical Theory and Organizational Theory in relation to Starbucks. This query attempts to access these theories in refere nce to Starbucks, and its motivational methods across nations. It looks at a comparison amid the way Starbucks company treats or must treat its employees across UK, Poland and Germany.Brief OverviewThe Starbucks Company is a vast and salubrious constructed multi-national, which serves in 40 countries. It has to keep in mind various cross-cultural determinant while get hold ofing in its motivational schemes. However, it has been criticized for not victorious into account, cross-cultural determinants when building its management cultural across countries. It is often assessed, that the employees of countries like UK, seem to be less motivated than employees from Poland and Germany. This paper talks about all affirmable schemes in relation to motivational theories, that flock be adopted by Starbucks,chiefly the Hofstede theory. The factors of this theory are extremely relevant and can be implemented in various ways to improve performance.The first factor, office distance can be defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede 1991, p. 28). UK and Germany, are ranked as a pitiful power distance monastic order, where the relationship between top doges and subordinated is of interdependence, treating each worker equally and calling them partners. There, the managers of Starbucks are probably to place a greater importance on labors rights as compared to managers in Poland, which ranks as a amply power distance country. However, in Poland there is a hierarchical social system, thus, it is said that their ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat.Another factor of the Hofstede theory is Masculinity, the dominant values in society being material success versus femininity, caring for others and the quality of life. UK, Poland and Germany, are Masculine societies, driven by competition, exercise and financial success. In these countries, p eoples performance is highly valued and people live in order to work. Starbucks in any case, beliefs in monetary establish appraisals, it spends $300 million, on their employees welfare, much more than they do on coffee beans. Starbucks even gave its UK staff shell outs worth around ?4 million in their employee share scheme Bean Stock, followed by a Christmas cash bonus to staff worth ?1.5 million. irresolution Avoidance, is another of Hofstedes theories, it classifies countries into being high in Uncertainty Avoidance having strict rules and resistance to changes like Germany and Poland and low in Uncertainty Avoidance having fewer rules and being welcome to changes like UK. This is an important factor to look into a country when beting in new innovations, and the planning of how the change has to be implemented. Managers of UK can bring in new ideas easily and with more enthusiasm while managers in Germany and Poland have to bring in changes subtely because people resist from breaking orthodox norms uneasy. Starbucks went through many changes when it merged with Giornale, it was welcoming to his employees interestingness and complicated them in every change, by 1987, and employees at Starbucks had begun buying into the changes.The theory includes a comparison between countries which have more, individualism everyone is expected to look after themselves and their immediate family against collectivism, and cultures in which people are spring into strong and cohesive groups. UK, Germany and Poland, are individualistic societies, where the route to happiness is through individual accomplishment. Here the company, in order to motivate its employees has to come up with schemes to provide them and their families advantages. The culture in Starbucks is of mutual advantage, thus workers unremarkably do a fruitful job but all these factors must be kept in mind. Understanding all the cross-cultural determinants including these is crucial for a company which ser ves such a wide err of cultures their observation along with development on these lines, must all be looked into, in order to bring out the best results.Another theory is the Cultural Theory which talks about the importance of culture, stating that is is too important to be left undefined and unrefined, and analysts need a deeper awareness of the anthropological and sociological frameworks when down their management attitudes. It outlines the effect on culture in relation to common objectives, employee motivation and loyalty. Setting of roles, leadership, innovation, background signal incentives, tolerance and accountability. The setting of the corporate cultural is extremely subjective of the countries cultural as a whole.The Grid/Group theory is another theory based on cultural determinants, created by Mary Douglas, in 1996. It strives to study cultural relativism, which can be increased through a classification system taking into account moral system, worldviews and ideologie s. This classification is built into two axes, based on individualism versus collectivism, including isolate/fatalist, hierarchist, individualist and sectarian groups. Each type is based on different classifications, power paradigms, moral values and individuality. In this paper, it is used to analyze, the classification of different cultures, such as UK, Germany and Poland into these categories, observing where their general workers fall, taking into account their employee, culture, food market and forms of hierarchy.The paper also talks about Organizational Culture Theory which is based on performance, organization effectiveness, employee commitment, employee satisfaction, culture type, culture strength and culture congruence. This theory is talked about in relation to Poland, Germany and UK assessing them based on all these assesses their management and motivational factors. Even though Starbucks operates in different countries, its organization culture is often the same. This c an be a harmful strategy, as due to differing cultural determinants, the company must change its strategies relatively. If this is not done, the motivation of employees can be lowered and the management can fail to do its job. Thus, this paper talks about all these theories and the possibilities that they provide to Starbucks, in modifying its strategies based on varying cross-cultural determinants.ObjectiveThis paper is set to analyze and evaluate the cross cultural determinants of Poland, UK and Germany, in order to scratch out the best ways to motivate the employees of those countries. It attempts to Find out the cross cultural determinants of these societies and the way the employees of these countries are treated.MethodologyThe Prime methodology used will be questionnaires that will be filled out by Starbucks employees across these countries. The questionnaire will be based on the Organizational Energy Questionnaire from fully aerated written by Heike Bruch, which is an instru ment to measure a companys energy state. The questions will include if the employees like what they do, do not have much drive feel relaxed in their job, feel smouldering in their job, feel enthusiastic in their jobs, have no desire to make something happen, speculate about the real intentions of management, have real care about companys fate, are efficient in conducting work, behave in destructive manner, go out of their way to make company succeed and if they feel discouraged in their jobs. All these questions will convey about the general state of employees and their will be a separate questionnaire to observe the importance of cross-cultural determinants.ReferencesHeike Bruch and Bernd Vogel (2011). Fully Charged. United States of America Harvard Business indoctrinate Publishing.HOFSTEDE THEORY- Poland, (2011) online. Accessed 2012. Available from.Penny Bassett (2004). CHINESE AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS A COMPARATIVE STUDY, Victoria University.Jim Boyer (200 9). Understanding Hofstedes Theory to Motivate Cross Cultural Employees. Business Insider online. (2011) Accessed 6 May 2012. Available from Nicholson, N (1998) encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior Blackwell, pp 215Hoovers online. Accessed 2012. Available from .Starbucks Coffee online. Accessed 2012. Available from .V S RAMA RAO (2009). The Hofstede Studies online. Accessed 2012. Available from .Cultural Dimensions Theory online. (2010) Accessed 2012. Available from .Zoe Wood (2010). Starbucks staff set to get free shares in incentive scheme. 19 December 2010. Starbucks online. Accessed 2012. Available from .Employee Benefits online. (2011) Accessed 2012. Available from .Projects online. (2011) Accessed 2012. Available from.York Universit y online. (2011) Accessed 2012. Available from .

Arab Spring Complete Research Work

Syed Muhammad Jalal Ud Din A disturbing Shah SMC Ba 5 (Journalism) Course Instructor Mam Rida Sohail International Mass Media and its Impact Mid-term Assignment Arab resound 16/11/2012 Introduction The Arab bombardment, referring to the chain reaction of alterations in the Arab world, is considered to defecate begun in Tunisia when a pocket-sized produce seller lit himself on fire to balk the goernment taking a fashion his job. some(prenominal) produce that this evet, coupled with tolerable hug from eruptside media sources, sparked the mutation of the teenageder generation in Tunisia that oerthrew their blush minister, Mohamed Ghannouchi separates turn over that the bea was ripe for transmutation give thanks to the infusion of democracy in Iraq. Regardless of the initial cause, this bingle countries act started a s flatball effect of democratic revolution that has rolled its way through Bahrain, Egypt, Yemen, Lybia, in a few smaller instances in former(a) count ries. Detailed Summary of Arab SpringOn s scourteenth December 2010 something occurred in the small Tunisian town of Sidi Bouzid that should lead to a supposed revolution. On that day, a desperate Tunisian teenager, who act to support humble the livelihood of his family with his veg and so onpable stand thither, lit himself. once more than and once again he was bul restd and similarly harassed by the behaviour and conditions of the Tunisian guard in this village. His self-immolation happened maven year ago and he died of his injuries. This sad act sparked major fends by angry and frustrated younker multitude in Egypt.Some followed Muhammad Buazizi utilisation and exuberantly committed suicide later on his sad d eradicateh. The offset printing so-called revolution in the Arab world has been triggered. Whether this revolution has been genuinely triggered all al unrivaled from within Egypt by this sad act should be questioned. It wasnt the branch demonstration aga inst the rise of food prices, but those protests were non able to overthrow the dictator. This reassignd with these protests in spring 2011. One should consider that these developments round these demonstrations make water been driven from the forthside, too.For example, the name of agent U. S. diplomat Jeffrey Feltman appears repeatedly in link with these so-called revolutions in the lay East. The events in Tunisia spilled over to separatewise sound outs and for example, the Tunisian dictator quickly left his homeland to find asylum in Saudi-Arabian Arabia. Some say a bit too quickly. Even before the roll out of revolutions (Arab Spring) alludeed Egypt, this interesting wave rack uped the both states Morocco and Algeria. Again, the citizenry took to the tracks in protest against rising food prices and against the corruption within the realm.Of course, the pile in Algeria and Morocco in any case protested against the in vindicatoryice. Finally, the demonstrations in Egypt began on 25th of January. These protests in Egypt were primarily cordially motivated demonstrations, in which the people needed to give vent to their elicit. Triggered by the financial crisis (U. S. is mainly to blame for this) the food prices and housing prices in any case increased in the Arab countries. Where the foreign/western countries did non intervene, the demonstrations disappeargond again. Take a look at Algeria.It seems that equal a s sweltering hardly whateverone reminds most Algeria that at that indicate people also protested against the governing body and that these demonstrations were inhumanely dispersed or even mowed down. It seems that the westboundern governments decided secretly that an Algeria under the lead of Bouteflika is safer for Europe than an Algeria, which is ruled by Islamists. Some experts of the Middle East talk about the beginning of these demonstrations and revolutions about an Islamic revolution (even Islamistic revolution) which is masterful ignored by the West till today.The West even ignores these statements about an Islamic revolution gladly. However, the results of the first-class honours degree choices in Tunisia and Egypt peach for themselves In both countries the Islamists commence gained extremely more mogul and influence. Not surprising at all. For example, the Moslem Br separatehood in Egypt supported and still supports the protests against the power of the Egyptian host. It sometimes seems that the Moslem Brotherhood also forces chaos within these protests because it might be useful for their goals.Not to imply that the Muslim Brotherhood offered people cash to vote for them at these elections in Egypt. A wonderful example of the democratic sense within the Muslim Brotherhood. Sure a lot of people be able to recall the 11th February. The Egyptian dictator Mubarak resigned at this day and handed all the power to the western-backed military. At the moment, the Egyptian military cl ings to the power in Egypt and the Egyptians atomic number 18 not able to reach a break to rest after their revolution. yet this revolution in Egypt was not the last revolution of this Arab Spring in 2011.The Yemenis were encouraged by the events in northeast Afri merchantman countries and started to find to the streets, also to demonstrate against their Yemeni government. Shortly before this outbreak of revolution in Yemen, the people were again humbled by the corrupt government and the proposed constitutional am terminationment, which would animation the Yemeni attraction Saleh for some more years in office. The frustration of the Yemenis erupted finally. As farther as we know, the Yemenis ceaselessly have demonstrated in a undisturbed manner against the government and military.The bloodshed started as the clique of Sheikh Ahmar began to act against the Yemeni government to enforce the interests of the clan and this Sheikh. aft(prenominal) a longer plosive consonant of a back and forth and a long stay in Saudi Arabia, Saleh finally concur to the proposal of the Gulf Cooperation Council and left his post in Yemen. Nobody exactly knows the prox of Yemen. What is only certain(p) to say is that the near future tense wont be easygoing for the awkward and that you are rattling able to call Yemen a failed State. Yemen always was a forgotten country and the situation within the country is really getting worse.The Libyan revolution should not necessarily carry this title of a revolution. Viewing at Libya it is indeed get ahead that foreign countries supported those arises to overthrow the ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Not to mention the clear statements about the events in Libya by independent journalists like Lizzie Phelan and others. Although both Western countries, France and Italy, extolled the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi until early 2011 and both governments did e genuinelything in motion in order to impress the leader in oversee, it was above a ll France, which quickly forgot about the alliance and any agreements.It seems that the huge fear of an independent and more sizeable Africa and a Libya with major projects was behind the intentions of the Europeans and the Americans. Some would also say that this was behind the intentions of the West to destroy the kind organisation and plans of this country. Not to mention the huge amount of important mineral resources, of course. The gird rioters were celebrated as rebels and supplied with implements of war and money by the West / NATO. First they helped to pass the Libyan city of Benghazi as a emancipate ity to the rebels and afterwards they started a war, based on lies, to determine the fate of the finally murdered Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. After Muammar Gaddafis assassination and the capture of his son, Saif al-Islam, it suddenly became very silent about the situation in Libya. It seems that they want to prevent, that the Western people learns something about this false revolution in Libya and above all, they want to realise time to bury all corpses of innocent. So that there wont turn up any unpleasant questions. The truth is sometimes very brutal. Libya is now exploited and finally ruled by substructure and CIA related people.Also people in Bahrain were at the beginning of this year encouraged by the events in other Arab countries and they went on the streets to protest. The majority Shiite world wanted to achieve more equal rights and above all, that the Bahraini resistance go forth lose their status as mute puppets in the government. In Bahrain, it was a brutal crackdown of the passive demonstrations by the government. And all words, which U. S. prexy exalt Obama had about these violence by a regime, was a quieten criticism that the Bahraini view family should not act brutally against demonstrators. simply this was not enough.The Bahraini ruling family asked for help with the crackdown of protesters and the associately Saudis delivered tanks and their inter change overiers to bring down the demonstrations in the neighbouring state. After all, no one really revolt about that and no one spoke about a humanitarian intervention in Bahrain or even in Saudi Arabia. Its a hypocritically world, isnt it? The reporting on the brutal events in Bahrain has been suddenly discontinued. They remained silent. The West and others did not want to risk, that the Bahraini ruling house loses its power. After all, the joined States of America own an important military base in Bahrain.Furthermore, they couldnt risk, that the Shiites in Bahrain are really successful in receiving more power and also co-determination in the country, because this would mean that the Iranian influence is change magnitude in Bahrain. Nothing, what the West really wants. If there will be a resume about the so-called Arab Spring in these days, it seems that nobody is going to mention Bahrain just as Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait The Saudi king tried to bribe his people with money, to buy it finally. hardly this strategy has not worked especially in the east of Saudi Arabia, on the border to Bahrain, where many Shiites live.Especially in this neighbourhood a lot of Shiite people were constantly on the streets to show their protest. By a pertly fatwa, which declared such(prenominal) demonstrations against the ruling family in Saudi Arabia as un-Islamic, this known ruling family has created an almost giving rein in the suppression of the demonstrations. Of course, such a fatwa is utilize to ban protests against the ruling family in Saudi Arabia and to justify crackdowns of protests. Also such a fatwa does not seem to be very Islamic finally, but thats nothing impertinent in Saudi Arabia. The fools freedom for the Saudi ruling house is intensified by the looking for away of the West.Who wants to lose Saudi Arabia as a companion in these days? After all, there are still many sources of oil which can be exploited. Fur thermore, Saudi Arabia is a good partner of the West in the fight against Iran though this country is not necessarily a true friend and ally of the West. Saudi Arabia has a very strong interest to keep the power of Iran limited and to take cathexis with every option that the power of Iran doesnt increase. After all, it is often about the supremacy of Sunnis and Shiites in the Arab-Islamic world. Saudi Arabia isnt interested in losing its (religious? power/influence to Iran. At the beginning of this year 2011 there were also demonstrations and violent clashes between protesters and the practice of law in Jordan. The people protested for a forward-looking government. The Jordanian prime minister was replaced. The frustration of the Jordanian people is still palpable and there, but you do not ascertain anything any longer about Jordan. They do not want to take the risk to overthrow a Sunni ruler especially not in a country where the majority of the population is actually Palestin ian. It would not be foreseeable, which reaction would be triggered.So while the West deliberately keeps silent about some regions, they are take inning on full speed when its about other countries which are not the favored children of the United States, other countries and organizations. One of the best examples is Syria. In Syria, the demonstrations began relatively late and were fuelled from outside. Not to mention the financially and other support for the Syrian opposition assemblages within and abroad by the United States this support started already by the Bush administration and is still continued under the administration of Peace Nobel Prize-owner Barrack Obama.The demonstrations in Syria began peaceful, although foreigners were smuggled into the country to force violent situations within those protests. The peaceful protests were soon stopped because of this. The gird of several bunches of extremists, Islamists and criminals did the rest. The weapons were smuggled in q uantities beyond the borders of the country even before these demonstrations in Syria have started. A not to be underestimated enjoyment in the so-called uprisings in Syria may have walkovered the take of an U. S. ambassador to the U. S. embassy (Damascus) in February this year.Of course, this comeback of a questionable U. S. ambassador to Syria was also helpful with the policy against Syria This Syrian unrest is happening since nine months although it is said that there is a horrible crackdown of protesters by the Syrian troops and security forces. Not to mention that a real unrest looks different to the real events within Syria. But in favour of Western policy it is sure useful to sell these events in Syria to the Western population as a peaceful unrest of peaceful demonstrators, who just want freedom and democracy.The Syrian President Bashar al-Assad should be overthrown, without any foreseeing of the consequences. It is easy to see these attempts of overthrow the Syrian go vernment and President in connection with the Foreign Policy of America, Israel and probably (mainly? ) AIPAC. It is written on the flags of America to protect Israel, which the U. S. President Barrack Obama again made clear in the last days. Because of this and the powerful AIPAC lobby within the USA, they have on their agenda to destroy the so-called Axis of Evil despite the probably consequences.An upcoming President of the United States involve a huge financially base to become president and he also needs the support of such Lobbies and positive opinions about his attitude to Israel. Real independence is sure something different. If you destabilize Syria, an important cut line between Iran and Hezbollah is interrupted. But the West has made up its plan without Syria, which still holds easily against all sanctions, propaganda and lies of Western countries, organizations as the NATO and questionable media. But it is in the stars how long Syria will blend this.What is sold as Arab Spring is absolutely a huge lie. A lie, what is becoming increasingly obvious, especially after the Islamists won the non-independent & questionable elections in Egypt and Tunisia. A lie, which has the end, that the bloody crackdown on Shiite protesters in Bahrain and the situation and events in countries such as Jordan and Algeria are simply not included in the so-called retrospective analytic thinking. A hypocritically sale of the so-called Arab Spring a recapitulation, which is more than blind in one eye. A lie by which a war was fought in Libya (and there are still clashes, of course).With tens of thousands of casualties with a big thanks to NATO and Western interests. Whether one can still speak of a spring is more than questionable. The Arab states became puppets of the West, even more than already in the past. The West has tried to use his influence and how this failed Arab spring will going to end will be sure turn out in future. The West still missed to reach all go als yet, because the government in Syria is still not collapsed and the majority of the Syrian population supports the President Bashar al-Assad and the promised remediate play.Also the Iran is far too powerful to attack it, without fearing huge consequences. There still other Arab states where dictators are in power. The West just seems to be blind or is this behaviour a confirmation of the imperialistic lies and propaganda? If you want to sell the so-called Arab spring as a real pro-democracy movement of the Arab offspring, then you should not keep simultaneously the dictators of the Gulf States, Jordan, Algeria and Morocco in office and power. The Arab Spring is a farce, which has plunged many countries into chaos.These countries will have to fight with the consequences for the next decades. The problems, why the Arab youth mainly protested on the streets, are still there everywhere. The acts to solve these problems of the Arab youth and societies are not even started yet if you consider Iraq, which is served as an example of democracy in this region you quickly recognize that this supposed democratic government is more than more corrupt than the former dictator. How the Arab population and primarily the Arab youth are going to handle this is unclear.Maybe more Arab springs, maybe more victims and wars. Probably. One is clear the Arab neighbours have been weakened and this is one of the main goals of Western interests, Imperialism and also of Zionism. It is said a picture explains get somewhat than 1000 words, but when picture muddle up with words then the interest appears The Nature of the Arab Spring The Arab Spring is the name that has been given to the recent wave of protests and political unrest in the Arab region of the world.This phenomenon began with the Jasmine revolution in December 2010 that overthrew the authoritative Tunisian government and has scatter to neighbouring countries including Egypt, Syria and Libya. The Arab Spring has exh ibited a common direct for democracy and elegant rights from the nations involved and has already lead to revolutions in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and has ca employ political changes across many other Arab Countries. Shifting political attitudes and values regarding democracy amongst the Arabs can be seen in the following graphNote the Democracy sense of taste and Reject strong Leader in the Middle-East column. This survey was taken a year before the Arab Spring. The selective study it shows predicts remarkably well the opinion of the Arab people and was a sign of things to come. The findings have undoubtedly been correlated with the events of 2011. What is ironic is the high preference for democracy in Middle East compared with Eurasia and the fact that Middle East & North Africa region had the lowest democracy index rating (3. 43, 2010) according to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010).This highlights another(prenominal) great disparity between the desire of the people and the earthly concern. Arab Spring and the youth Its often said revolutions eat their young, but ra entrust has it been such a feast. On the streets of Tunis and across the Middle East, the young revolutionaries have been taken aback. A movement that afford on Face book, chirrup and YouTube is today being run by a generation that lived without computers most of their lives. Now, if the Arab Spring fails to incorporate the younger generation, it could come upon the fate that so many revolutions do leaving out those who first sparked change TunisiaThe democratic process in Tunisia is very encouraging. Regime change took place almost with no victims compared with Egypt, Libya and Syria. The elections brought to government a moderate, enlightened Muslim party, which brocaded the fears of secularists but is trying by all means to assure its opponents that it is open to sharing power, accepting peaceful transition of power through the election polls and building a civil state. Morocco and A lgeria The king of Morocco went far beyond that of Jordan. He does not have to deal with similar delicate internal elements.As a yield of fact, he started a process of internal conciliation several years ago, and trying to preempt a revolution in his country, he allowed a reformed constitution to be legislated in May 2010, and free democratic elections on Nov. 25 of that year. The Islamic movement won the majority as yielded, but the change is taking place peacefully though seriously. The change will have an impact on Moroccos dealing with its neighboring Arab countries. A positive improvement in relations with Algeria is developing.If this continues, it will allow for initiation the borders between the two countries, which have been closed for 17 years. The Arab Spring is changing the way of thinking among the new regimes. The political climate between Morocco and Algeria will have an impact on resolving the dispute over the Western Sahara. This may allow for the resurrection o f the Maghreb Union, which was created in 1989 but crippled as a result of deteriorating relations between Algeria and Morocco. Elections are scheduled in Algeria for 2012, and the regime promises free and democratic elections.If this happens, and it most probably will, it will add a new dimension to the reform movement in North Africa. Syria The Syrian mutant over the protests is similar to that of the rest of the world in that the larger, general class of the country, in this case the Sunni Muslims, are protesting the rule of the elite sect, the Alawites in Syria including the current President Bashar al-Assad, due to the apparent disparity between classes. The protests began in mid-March but have escalated as Assad backed down for original promises of peace-talks and reform and has begun to oppose the protests with force.The situation has since escalated as military members, once members of the elite sect, have begun to defect to the protestors side, putting the country on the brink of civil war. These latest developments in Syria and the rest of the Arab Spring are important because they prove that international accountability can, in fact, produce large-scale change in a country. When enough people or media outlets that carry enough weight get behind even a single person that is willing to stand up to the injustice, enough momentum can be generated to cause institutional change.The fair(a) American essential care because we are a part of that momentum. If the average citizen lacks care, the media lacks support over certain topics, and international accountability and pressure loses its power. The Arab Spring reminds us that individual people with the courage to generate change have power if a watching world is willing to respond. By staying up to date and active in the discussion of these events, the average American too can have a part in great change for zillions around the world. Egypt What where the assimilators goals? The Egyptian revolution be gan on the 25th of January.Tens of thousands of marchers occupied Cairos Tahrir Square to protest against President Hosni Mubarak and his government. Egyptians had been growing angrier over a number of issues including government corruption, rising prices, poverty, and accessible seclusion. The major point leading to the revolution was the overthrowing of the Tunisian government by fellow Arabs. As the demonstrations in Egypt grew more violent, protestors rallied behind a common goal, the pick up overthrow of the President Hosni and his government. How did they progress? The protestors consisted mostly of young tech-savvy Egyptians.On January 28, in an attempt to prevent the protestors from communicating, the Egyptian government shut down network access and some mobile phone services were shut down in certain areas. This only fuelled public anger with the government demonstrators begin using non-wireless dependent devices to communicate. through and through fax machines, land l ines, and radio broadcasts, the protestors have been able to still coordinate their movements and get randomness out of the country. What were their activities? Isolated pockets of protest erupted into country wide demonstration on January 28 as thousands protested the government in Tahrir Square.They were met with repressive opposition by police forces (Asser). The government responded to the protests by shutting down all internet providers in order to cut off colloquy among the protestors. This only fuelled public anger. Protestors glowering to land lines connections, fax machines and in some cases dial up connections through foreign nations such as Sweden and France to broadcast information (Daily Mail Reporter). Quickly, police forces melted away and the army was called in to keep the peace. On February 1st the demonstrations in Tahrir Square had terminated into the March of The Million. Looting soon became rampant through the streets and neighbourhoods set up armed night wa tch groups to protect their homes. The protestors had been relatively non-violent, but on February 2 pro-government demonstrators marched in Tahrir Square to meet the anti-government forces. The Scene soon erupted into violence as both sides began throwing stones and petrol bombs. Since then, the anti-government Forces erected barricades around Tahrir Square and voiced their refusal to abjure until President Hosni Mubarak finally stepped down from power (Asser). Were they successful? The Protestors were successful.Under mounting pressures, President Hosni Mubarak resigned from presidency, finally ending his just about 30 year rule. Power was then given over to the military which began drafting a new government and constitution. What has happened most recently? Since the resignation of President Mubarak, power has been given to the military which has dissolved fantan and suspended the constitution. The military said that it would give up control after a parliamentary election in th e fall and a referendum was released in March for the public to vote and ratify amendments to a new constitution.Since then however, the military has-been blamed for slowing the pace of democratizing the nation and remaining loyal to the snapper of President Mubaraks government, leading to fresh protests in the recent months. In august, Hosni Mubarak was brought into court to be tried for the deaths of those who died in the protests. In October, the military released a statement aphorism that an election would be held for parliament in November followed by a separate election for president. The military also announced they would now retain power even after the elections in order to see the transfer to democracy through.The Parliament will play a subordinate fictitious character to the military council for the time being until the new government is fully establish and a new constitution is ratified, a process which might last until 2013. At the moment the future of Egypt has prom ising potential, but is still unclear. What would I have done? I would have joined the protestors in the streets. I do it that I live in a democracy and if I lived in country like Egypt that limited my rights, I know I would jump at a chance to change things.However, if I heard that looters were out, I think would go home and help be part of a neighbourhood watch to protect my friends and family because I feel that they should come first before government. Libya What were the goals of the students? The major protest credited with starting the revolution was a demonstration held in the city of Benghazi. The protestors were angry over the manacles of a human rights activist named Fethi Tarbel. Tarbel openly spoke out against the government, especially in regards to the 1996 tradeacre at Abu Salim prison where more than a 1,000 prisoners were executed.The protestors were met by police forces that used water cannons to break up the crowds and eye witnesses account that police were driving their cars at high speeds into the crowds. The situation quickly erupted into an anti-Gaddafi protest that spread to neighbouring towns. Public anger over the nations rampant unemployment, poverty, civil rights violations, and lack of free speech fuelled the protests which demanded an end to Gaddafi and his regime. How did they communicate? Revolutionaries had to be careful about communicating online because the government was monitoring sites like face book, twitter and other social networking sites.Some groups adapted and began using Mawada, one of the biggest dating sites in the Middle East, to secretly recruit new members and communicate. They would pose as couples on Mawada and swap coded messages to each other disguised as poetry and love letters. For the most part however, Libyans did not embrace the internet for communication as Egypt and Tunisia did in their revolutions. According to Nasser Wedaddy, a civil rights outreach director for the American Islamic Congress, Libyans were very dismayed of the government monitoring the internet.What got information spread around was actually people outside of Libya who, free from Libyan jurisdiction, were able to take what photos and moving pictures were uploaded and spread them around the media, creating ofttimes of the support for the anti government forces. What were their activities? The protests that began in Benghazi evolved into a revolution and soon rebel forces consisting of civilian recruits and army personal that had defected made the city of Benghazi their base and quickly hale all security forces out of the city.Riots spread to neighbouring cities and rebel forces burned down police stations and seized local radio stations to spread propaganda against the government. Pro Gaddafi forces moved to open war with rebel forces, engaging in ground assaults and bombing raids. Anti-government rebels were obligate to retreat from the better armed pro-Gaddafi forces. Due to attacks on civilian tar gets, the western nations of the world gave their support to the rebel cause and began launching air raids on government strong holds and military groups.With military advice and equipment provided by NATO forces, the rebels began slow advancing on the capital of Tripoli and held the city of Misrata in western Libya which was under heavy siege. After months of little progress, the rebels pushed forward with a new offensive and captured Tripoli. The rebels established the National Transitional Council which was recognized as the new legitimate government of Libya. Rebel forces went on to capture the rest of the loyalist held cities which finally resulted in the death of Gaddafi. Were they successful?The rebel forces were successful. In their last major offensive, which took place from August 13to October 20, they captured the capital city of Tripoli and all other cities still held by loyalist forces and on the 20th of October Gaddafi was finally killed in a rebel attack on his stro ng hold Role of Women As the world hurries to disassemble and understand the events of the Arab Spring of 2011, numerous factors will be considered, most of them highly relevant and perhaps with more of a demonstrable effect on events than the levels of female hyponymy.It is for this very reason that it is necessary to conduct investigate into the effects of female subordination. There has been talk of womens rights in the context of the uprisings of the different Middle eastern and North African countries, but there needs to be real, in depth analysis of the human relationship between the treatment of women and the changes occurring in societies as a whole. In analysis of the events that occurred in 2011, I expect there will be much made of the nature of the previous regime, the personal styles of each of the dictators, and the frugal situations of the countries, including the lineament of resources.I strongly believe that the factors, as well as the rise of Islamic fundamen talism, the threat of act of terrorism and the presence of oil, are factors that affect women acutely and intensely, and that we can learn more about these different factors by examining them through the lens of the treatment of women. While it is difficult to establish whether it is a case of causation or not, there is a strong correlation between the treatment of women and the repression of society as a whole. examine the way women are affected in these situations will provide further insight into societies and prospects for the future.I have proposed analysis of specific events with the aim of developing this line of analysis further. I propose examining the relationship between the subordination of women and the level of protest experienced in varying countries knowing that it is viable that it the relationship I have predicted may not be accurate, but secure in the knowledge that it will lead to a better understanding of the factors shaping the situation in the Muslim world and potential developments in the future.It is my fancy that this research would contribute not only to the study of womens rights and the vastness of gender equality, but also to the field of democratization studies as we observe countries that uphold the rights of women making successful, peaceful transitions to consolidated democracy. The brotherly media revolutions We have seen so far what the most important phenomena on the Arab Internet were in the years before the revolutions. But when it comes to aggregation people, fast-paced communication, and in conclusion performing a revolution, both blogs and forums are fundamentally flawed.Here comes the unique role of modernistic actual social media Facebook, chirp, YouTube etc. , with their widespread and mass usage, free access and equal rights. done social networking sites, a single message regardless if it is a manifesto, the date, time and place for a gathering or a word-painting showing defenceless citizens killed by the army can reach thousands of people within minutes, each and every one of them being able to express their opinion on the matter, gives a suggestion or share an idea, everybody being able to become an activist and organizer.As far as it is realistic because they are in many cases very intertwined Ill try to examine separately the role compete by the different channels of the social media online ecosystem. Facebook Facebook is, probably, the biggest site on the Internet now it is almost as frequently visited as Googles search engine page as of September 2011, it is confirmed to have as many as 800 one million million accounts (which is more the 1/10 of the good human population).Natu gull, it is the most popular social networking platform in the Middle East and North Africa as well for example, Egypt alone has more than 7 million Facebook subscribers in Tunisia they form a rough 1/5 of the population of the country, and that ratio is true for most of the countries, wit h the exception of Libya, where there are only around 50,000 accounts (this fact can be attributed to the heavy censorship and restrictions by the countrys previous regime).This figures are the main reason why Facebook was the most important communication tool in most of the Arab spring revolutions even though it is impossible to say that the access to the social network per se has become the reason for the revolution, it is completely impossible to tell the story of events preceding and following the iconic January 25th 2011 without accepting the all important(p) role that Facebook vie in them. The driving force of these events is much older, and it was encoded in the very nature of the Egyptian pre-revolution regime and social structure of the country.However, it is safe to say that the revolution itself was sparkled in, and with some reservations, by Facebook. That revolution revolves two pages, one created in protest to the murder of Khalid utter, tortured and killed by Egypt ian police for posting materials exposing corrupt officials We are all Khalid Said, which is English-speaking and for that reason has emaciated to itself not only Arabs, but many western supporters of the Egyptian cause, and The April 6 youth movement, which is in Arabic the molybdenum is far older and originally emerged around a protest action in 2008, but kept its popularity.Combined, at the time of the protest, the two major groups consisted of more than half a million people, which grew literally in a few days after they were founded. Basically, there were no events that directly preceded the protest of the 25th there was just an idea for a peaceful demonstration that circulated through the community pages the rally itself was simply the act of moving the anti-government protest from the online world to the physical one.That was the very role played by Facebook it was where the protest brewed, and when it was ready to move on the streets, it managed to gather some 50,000 peo ple on the very first day, due to the good organization and widespread information on the social network.The follow-up of that event did not differ from any other peoples uprising more and more attended every next protest, clashes with the police and the army occurred, and, ultimately, the Mubarak government was overthrown. The important and new parts here are the methods of organization and scatter of information, which amplified and facilitated the process of overthrowing the regime.Egypt is the most clear example of the use of Facebook during the Arab Spring, it being the place where the ideas and organization grew in Tunisia, for example, as the first country to start the chain of revolutions, no such simple and differentiated organization existed of greater importance there was the online presence of the members of an informal group called Takriz, who have been doing their activist work online for the past 10 years, and just embraced Facebook as a new operational space, very useful when it comes to rapidly sharing information and attain a broad audience.Members of this group even admit that the organizations of football club supporters were equally important to Facebook groups and Facebook activism. The crucial importance of Facebook is very well expressed in the words of one of the members of Takriz Facebook is pretty much the GPS for this revolution. Without the street theres no revolution, but add Facebook to the street and you get real potential. For that reason, when the drastic event which could be used as a pretext for mass protest activity happened in this case, the self-inflammation of Muhammad Bouazizi the organization was already laid, the contacts were already built and the signal for the protest was given, they grew extremely fast. Here, if not on the same scale, it served exactly the same role it did in Egypt a public eye socket in which to discuss new ideas and find followers, n organizational network to coordinate common actions, a s well as a source of inspiration, proof that the activist is not alone in his quest. In the Middle Eastern countries in which anti-government protests are now current organization through Facebook is not such a common phenomenon the only example is Syria, where the biggest protest group (in Arabic) has no less than 320. 000 members, and it is updated hourly with information, pictures and videos from the protests.In Bahrain and Yemen the groups are negligibly small and not much visited in these cases the fact must be kept in mind that the revolutions here are more isolated and involve much less people than those in Egypt, Tunisia and Syria, and the use of Facebook is not so widespread, so the need for an online public sphere is not so acute. Twitter Twitter is a completely different social network where Facebook has complexity and many different ways to communicate and organize, Twitter has only one simplified messages shared with the stallion world, no preferences given.While F acebook can hold an entire manifesto, Twitter is limited by its 140 characters for a single message (called tweet) it has no pictures or video service by its own but is forced to use third-party applications to achieve that functionality. For these reasons, even though it is the befriend biggest social network in the world, it has only a fraction of Facebooks user count. The Arab countries make no exception there are only 5 million Twitter users, and almost half of them are from the UAE that is the primary reason why it was never used as a primary tool for organizing protests or gathering supporters in the field.Yet, Twitter played an equally important role in the uprisings. Due to its simplicity, this network is extremely well-suited to use through sharp phones and mobile devices ordinarily the content of user profiles is updated on hourly, if not minutely basis. For that reason, while Facebook was used in the long-term planning and announcements, Twitter was the in-the-field to ol, which allowed fine coordination between the protesters. Furthermore, an even more important role played by Twitter was bringing information on the protests outside the countries where the uprisings took place.One of the first things the regimes did when the revolutions started was to suppress all possible media channels and prevent the proper masking piece of the events. For example, the reporters and crew of Al-Jazeera, which is deemed to be the biggest, and actually one of the few really independent broadcasting media in the Arab World, were forbidden to enter the country the moment when the unrests started, and for that reason the television had to rely entirely on a network of credible and reliable people, who had previously assisted the media, tweeting and updating information from the scene of events on minutely basis.Thus, these twitters turned out to be the key source of information for the covering of the protests and the development of the events in Tunisia, for examp le, reporters of many media were allowed free passage only after president Bin Ali stepped down. Finally, Twitter was also the place where all the supporters of the Arab Spring uprisings throughout the world were exchanging news, opinions and analyses Egypt (with reached over a 1 ? million mentions only in the first three months of 2011) was the most used hash tag for 2011, which denotes the events in Egypt as the most discussed topic worldwide.So, Twitter was also the place where the news was spread, and keeps being spread even today. It also served as platform of the liberation campaigns, which were previously carried mainly by blogs a fresh example comes from October 2011 when Twitter was the main space where the campaign Alaa took place it called for the liberation of an Egyptian blogger who was held for questioning by the temporary military rule for more than two weeks, but at the end was released under popular pressure. YouTubeThere is a saying that a picture is worth a thou sand words if that is true, then a video is worth a thousand pictures. There is a reason why YouTubes own search engine is second only to Googles in terms of daily searches, and videos can sometimes reach over a few million views in a few days the so-called viral video phenomenon. movie materials from the period before and during the Arab Spring period make no exception to this rule they accumulated a lot of attention. Technically, we can separate the videos from the period into two different categories.One is what I would call propagandist videos usually very graphic videos, depicting actions of the regimes, like torture, murder of civilians, bribery etc. , which were distributed and uploaded by activists aiming to raise consciousness of both the Arab public and the world audience about these issues an iconic example here is the story of Khalid Said himself ,who was dragged out by the authorities from an Internet cafe, while he was uploading a video showing a government officia l taking bribe.Often, such videos were driving force powerful enough to organize mass protests, unite and focus the will of the crowds a good example of that is Syria, where, in the end of May, a video was uploaded to YouTube showing The corpse of a 13-year-old boy who appears to have been sexually and physically tortured by Syrian security officials. On the very next day, mass protests of women and children broke out in the entire country, ultimately leading to a counterattack by the Syrian army, which took 15victims, and thus escalating the conflict.A similar example comes from Tunisia a video from the days following the beginning of the revolution, showing Kasserines hospital in chaos, desperate attempts to treat the injured, and a terrible image of a dead young man with his brains spilling out, filmed by a medical student working in the hospital. The footage was so graphic that according to a member of Takriz That video made the second half of the revolution Rallying large num ber of people shocked both by the state of the patients and care offered in the state hospital and the brutality of the government attempts to suppress the protests.The popular videos from Egypt represent the other case, or what I call journalistic videos footage from the protest itself, used as a channel of spreading information about the uprisings outside Egypt itself, which have gained relatively big popularity on YouTube for example, a hobbyist video of the first day of protest has been watched over 600. 000 times, and even simple political analyses of the current situation made inwardly the country have reached over 300. 000 views.Such videos were also the main source of footage for many media, since those were prohibited from entering the hot zones or the countries whatsoever and taking any recordings of the events. That also worked the other way around YouTube was the only way protesters could access the news coverage and analyses made by various media, which were otherwise banned in their countries, for example Al-Jazeera or BBC Miscellaneous The three websites discussed above are the channels with the biggest significance for the Arab Spring it is impossible to calculate all the various sites and connections used during the revolutions.Photographers, both media-employed and hobbyists, shared photos on sites like Flickr and 500px discussions were carried out on boards like 4chan, and personal communication was carried out via peer-to-peer online services like Skype etc. Conclusion for Social Media While reviewing the role of social media in the Arab Spring, one fact is obvious it is an over-exaggeration to state that the media is the massage. Regardless of the amplifying effect that social media gave to all that took place, the events were invariably based on a real-world fact which reverberated in the virtual space.Still, there are at least three main functions which social media performed during the Arab revolutions 1. ) Public sphere it was the place where ideas were discussed, information was spread and through which public awareness was raised in the first place 2. ) Organizational space it was where the uprisings were think and an invaluable organizational tool during the protests 3. ) Information source it was the only way information could leave the countries and reach the world publicity and conventional media.The significance of social media consolidated by the fear with which they were treated by the pre-revolution regimes. Each of them, at some point, tried to sever the access to such sites, ultimately blocking the entire Internet access or even stopping cell phone service (in the case of Egypt). The regimes were afraid of a medium which they could not control, and, in the end, their fear turned out to be well-grounded the dictators were ousted by the wrath of their peoples, amplified through Facebook.My personal opinion is that the Arab Spring is not going to be the last Social network revolution. There is a good reason why the leading figure of the unrests now taking place in Russia after the parliamentary elections, Alexei Navalny, is a well-known oppositional blogger, and the organization of the protest took place in Facebook so did that of the currently popular Occupy movements happening all over the world. Who knows where the opposition is brew the next uprising in their twitter personal messages The Ultimate Conclusion The Arab Spring was not a surprise.The surprise was why it took so long to come. Many reasons came together to produce these drastic developments the refusal of the regimes to accept the rationale of the transition of power through elections and their insistence on a monopoly on power, as well as corruption, poverty, unemployment and the marginalization of youth and ethnic groups. The young generation, which represents 70% of the population, was the common element in leading the revolutions in these countries, whereas the aged ruling leaders of these countries bel onged to only 7% of the population.And finally, the collective awareness, as witnessed in Tunisia when a young man protested by setting himself on fire and when a youngster died in a police station in Egypt brought masses to the streets. Arab dictatorships ruled with an iron fist and disgraced their own people to the termination that their arrogance went far enough for them to believe that they could pass their reign by inheritance to their sons. Their countries resources were exploited as their own and were shared between their family members, relatives and friends, while their people were left in poverty and underdevelopment.The U. S. and Europe knew the reality of these regimes, but for their own interests cooperated with them and turned their eyes from their severe violations of human rights and democratic values. The Arab Spring cannot be compared with the European Spring in Eastern European countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Eastern Europes culture, mentality a nd proximity to Western European countries enabled a smooth change and transition there, while these elements do not exist in the rebelling Arab countries.We all know the results Arab dictators in Yemen, Libya and Syria declared, Its either me or to fossa with them and launched a war against their own people. The war in Syria is still on no one can predict its results, but one thing we can be sure of The people broke the obstacle of fear and came out in a massive protest that will not be turned back. Masses went out to the streets and public squares in a peaceful protest and civil disobedience. But the rulers confronted it with excessive power and violence, which led to a violent reaction from protestors, pushing some of them to seek foreign intervention.No one can predict where these revolutions are heading. They all are speaking about democracy, free elections, dignity, justice, human values, etc. But translating this into reality is another issue. So far, Libya, Yemen and Egypt have proven that this will not be an easy task. The U. S. and Western European countries fear a real change in the rebelling Arab countries which may threaten their interests and concerns, and are trying to contain these revolutions.The fact that these Arab countries control the worlds largest oil reserve, located in a central strategic junction between the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and that any change may threaten the future existence of Israel can explain this. Many fears are expressed now by Arab intellectual circles about the fate of these revolutions which raised so many hopes in the beginning but soon faded as result of bloodshed, destruction and failure to make the transition to democracy smoothly and within a well-founded amount of time. The Arab Spring may not blossom soon.Good governance, transparency, democracy and rule of law have not been realized yet. Hatred and suspicion of the intentions of Western countries is growing. Conspiracy theories have b ecome a fashion. Past experiences with the West and its relations with the former regimes are not forgotten but instead strengthens the fears that whats going on is a new return of colonialism with new faces and new regimes. The Arab people have tried Western methods and values, and their piercingly memories about their past cooperation with the former regimes are still fresh. The U.S. , the supposed leader of democracy, is losing its credibility due its two-fold standard policy calling for democracy and human rights for one people and denying it to another, by supporting the Israeli occupation and denying the Palestinians right to statehood. The recent position in the Security Council against Palestines membership in the UN is used as strong evidence of the U. S. biased position against the Palestinians. The Arab revolutions are inspiring revolutions worldwide even against the corruption and failure of the Western economic system.The double standard policy of the West, together with the failure of the Western system, discourages Arabs from adopting Western values, and has made them focus on the necessity of change. This change, for many people, could be achieved only by adopting the modern pragmatic Islamic approach. The Islamists seem to be the future. Whatever the U. S. or Europe may try to do to hinder this development, it will not succeed. Replacing the dictators of the past with new ones with the blessings of the West will not survive for long. The masses have learned their lesson and will not give up until they achieve their rights. S